Europe PMC

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Free access
Free access articles accessible in, or from Europe PMC may be filtered by:
  1. Full text: In Europe PMC: All articles that are freely available to read within Europe PMC. To filter for open access license types, see Advanced search.
  2. Full text: Unpaywall link: All articles with a known link to a free and legal copy of the full text, but that are not available to read within Europe PMC. These links are usually provided by Unpaywall
Type
To limit your search to specific article types, select one or more of the filters below:
  1. Research articles: articles presenting the results of experimental research.
  2. Reviews: reviews on a topic covering a broad set of previously published articles.
  3. Preprints: research articles that have not yet undergone formal peer-review and have been submitted to public preprint servers.
    1. Reviewed: preprints that have reviews, recommendations or commentary from expert sources.
    2. Journal published: journal published articles that have been connected to their previously posted preprints.
  4. Books & documents: The NCBI bookshelf's collection of books, reports, and databases, etc., in the areas of biology, medicine, and the life sciences.
Date published
1915
2026

Suggested authors matching "AUTH:MacDonald S" with an ORCID
Suggested authors have linked their articles in Europe PMC to their ORCID iD. Up to two suggested authors with a matching surname and initial are shown, ordered by the total number of publications they have in Europe PMC.

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