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Abstract 


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global pandemic, but human immune responses to the virus remain poorly understood. We used high-dimensional cytometry to analyze 125 COVID-19 patients and compare them with recovered and healthy individuals. Integrated analysis of ~200 immune and ~50 clinical features revealed activation of T cell and B cell subsets in a proportion of patients. A subgroup of patients had T cell activation characteristic of acute viral infection and plasmablast responses reaching >30% of circulating B cells. However, another subgroup had lymphocyte activation comparable with that in uninfected individuals. Stable versus dynamic immunological signatures were identified and linked to trajectories of disease severity change. Our analyses identified three immunotypes associated with poor clinical trajectories versus improving health. These immunotypes may have implications for the design of therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19.

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    Funding 


    Funders who supported this work.

    Allen Foundation

      Cancer Research Institute

        Mark Foundation For Cancer Research

          NCI NIH HHS (4)

          • Grant ID: F99 CA234842

          • Grant ID: K00 CA234842

          • Grant ID: K08 CA230157

          • Grant ID: T32 CA009140

          NHLBI (1)

          • Grant ID: 1R38HL143613

          NHLBI NIH HHS (3)

          • Grant ID: R38 HL143613

          • Grant ID: R01 HL137915

          • Grant ID: R01 HL137006

          NIAID NIH HHS (2)

          • Grant ID: R01 AI105343

          • Grant ID: U19 AI082630

          NIAMS NIH HHS (2)

          • Grant ID: T32 AR007442

          • Grant ID: T32 AR076951

          National Institutes of Health (7)

          • Grant ID: AI08263

          • Grant ID: HL137915

          • Grant ID: CA234842

          • Grant ID: CA230157

          • Grant ID: CA009140

          • Grant ID: HL137006

          • Grant ID: AI105343

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